Novel Markers of Endothelial Dysfunction (Review)

This review aims to examine the relevant current information about novel markers of endothelial dysfunction and to systematize it. The following electronic databases were searched: PubMed, CyberLeninka, eLIBRARY.RU and ScienceDirect. We selected 28 articles published between January 1, 2014 and August 30, 2024. Inclusion criteria were open access and Russian or English language. Exclusion criteria were low informational value and old data. The following keywords in Russian and English were used: endothelium, endothelial dysfunction, modern markers of endothelial dysfunction, endocan, endoglin, galectin-3, endothelial progenitor cells, big ET-1 and endothelial extracellular vesicles). We divided novel laboratory markers of endothelial dysfunction into two groups: markers produced by the endothelium and molecules that regulate endothelial activation/function. In addition, the article presents the origination mechanisms of sVCAM-1, endocan, endoglin, galectin-3, endothelial progenitor cells, endothelin, big ET-1 and endothelial extracellular vesicles. Their role in endothelial dysfunction is described, as well as their association with some common pathologies, primarily cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Further, we reviewed the most effective diagnostic methods for these biomarkers in modern clinical diagnostic laboratories. Due to the fact that the majority of these markers are not strictly specific for certain diseases, but characterize the state of the endothelium as a whole, there is an urgent need for new markers of endothelial dysfunction and for a comprehensive use of the already studied biomolecules. Determining the blood levels of the molecules in question can help in timely primary prevention, risk assessment and selection of optimal treatment and diagnostic tactics.